Youth 911 Calls Surge Following Magic Mushroom Decriminalization

Calls to US poison control centers and first responders among youth have surged in the wake of a recent push to decriminalize “magic mushrooms” by states and municipalities across the nation.

Statistics from the National Poison Data System show that emergency calls following exposure to psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, more than tripled in the 13-19 age group between 2018 and 2022. Calls for emergency assistance more than doubled among young adults between the ages of 20 and 25 in the same time period.

The surge follows years-long efforts to decriminalize recreational psilocybin consumption among persons 21 and over. Decriminalization has already occurred across a number of states, including Colorado and Oregon, and cities, including Seattle, Detroit, and Washington D.C.

Despite efforts to restrict unlawful use by minors, however, the alarming increase in adverse medical and mental health events related to magic mushroom use among teenagers reflects the limitations of such regulations.

The implications are concerning, researchers note, because the long-term impacts of psilocybin on teens’ developing brains are unknown. However, the prevalence of severe adverse reactions, with more than 75% requiring medical intervention, does not bode well for youth who consume these hallucinogens.

Among the most prevalent effects of psilocybin exposure in teens and young adults include hallucinations and delusions, agitation, tachycardia, and confusion. Outbursts of violent behavior have also been reported.

The sometimes extreme neurophysiological impacts of magic mushrooms on young people are thought to be caused by disruptions to neurotransmitter activity. Given that any lingering effects on adolescent brain development and neurochemistry remain a mystery, the increasing accessibility and appeal of magic mushrooms to young people is especially worrisome, researchers suggest. They note that these hallucinogens are becoming widely available in edible forms that are likely to attract teens, including chocolates and gummies.

Combating Homelessness May Slash Drug and Alcohol Death Rates

Cutting the homeless rate by just 25% could prevent more than 2000 lethal opioid overdoses annually, according to recent estimates. Such a reduction in homelessness may also save the lives of more than 850 people from alcohol poisoning and avoid over 500 cocaine-related fatalities. The data is based on a study from the University of Georgia analyzing the federal data on the rates and causes of death among the unhoused population between 2007 and 2017.

The evidence suggests that the risk of death due to opioid overdose is strongly linked to homelessness. This connection is all the more alarming given the surge in homelessness in the wake of the lifting of the moratorium on evictions post-COVID. According to statistics from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 200,000 more people were homeless in 2023 than in 2017, a surge coinciding with the expiration of the eviction ban.

Though the nature of the relationship between homelessness and substance-related mortality is not exactly clear, researchers propose that the newly unhoused may engage in riskier substance misuse behaviors, thus increasing their risk of accidental overdose and death.

The researchers also noted that a housing-first approach to addressing the combined crises of homelessness and opioid addiction is critical. They suggest that reducing eviction rates and helping persons experiencing addiction to remain in their homes is often the first step in combating the opioid epidemic. Treatment, they assert, is the second.

Illicit Drug Activity on the Rise Report Shows

An annual report from the Southwest Narcotics Drug Task Force (SNDTF), based in Dickinson, North Dakota, showed a surge in drug seizures, fentanyl-related overdoses and deaths, and methamphetamine production. The report also notes a significant increase in drug trafficking operations related to the US southern border.

Of particular concern for authorities, according to the report, is the surge in fentanyl overdoses, with 17 incidents requiring hospitalization and three fatalities. The increase in lethal fentanyl exposures can be attributed both to the rapid rise in availability region-wide and to the increased potency of the drug.

In addition to the alarming prevalence of fentanyl in the Southwest region, the report also describes a surge in non-fentanyl drug seizures, including nearly 300 grams of cocaine, more than 3,600 grams of methamphetamine, and over 36,000 grams of marijuana.

But drug seizures are not the only notable point of concern, according to the report. Illicit drug manufacturing and trafficking operations have also spiked, the study found, citing the discovery of two working methamphetamine labs, including one located in the Dickinson County area.

The Southwest Narcotics Task Force’s findings and the drug counter-operations aligned with them derive from partnerships between federal, state, and local law enforcement. Federal authorities, the report suggests, are playing a critical role in monitoring and curtailing illicit drug operations connected to the US southern border and Mexico.

In a presentation before the Dickinson City Commission, SNDTF representatives stressed the urgent need for cooperation between law enforcement, public health agencies, and the community to combat the worsening crisis in the region and across the United States.

San Francisco Libraries May Soon Offer Free Addiction Recovery Books

Public libraries in San Francisco may soon provide unlimited access to addiction recovery books amid the recent surge in fentanyl overdoses. Officials assert that access to recovery-related materials is often readers’ first step toward recovery, citing the 3200+ books and workbooks distributed since the launch of a pilot program in April.

The idea behind the program derived from librarians’ recognition that addiction recovery materials were rapidly disappearing from circulation. San Francisco’s main library, for example, now must replenish recovery-related content every six weeks. Located at the heart of the Tenderloin District, the library is a primary source of shelter for the neighborhood’s many unhoused and addicted persons.

Representatives for the San Francisco public library system note that materials related to 12 Step recovery, also known as the Big Book, are among the most common materials not to be returned to library shelves, along with materials related to narcotic, opioid, and crystal meth addiction. In the face of long waitlists for many clinical rehab programs, these titles may be the first and perhaps only recovery resource for those who need it most.

Those who have turned to addiction-related books and workbooks assert that engaging with the materials is a private and personal act, giving persons who are experiencing addiction the time and space to learn about recovery on their own terms. These materials are designed to help readers understand the disease of addiction, acknowledge the existence of the disorder in their own lives, and recognize the possibility of recovery.

This, program proponents argue, can be a powerful incentive for a person experiencing addiction to move beyond the fear of stigmatization, regain their sense of hope, and reach out for help. They point to the city’s more than 600 community-based addiction recovery programs, including Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) as a common next step on the reader’s path to sobriety.

Though initially piloted to just three libraries at an initial cost of $40,000, the program, if approved, will roll out system-wide, offering content in multiple languages. Those interested in the content do not need a library card and are not required to return the materials.

What is Harm Reduction?

You may have heard the term harm reduction in recent years but are unsure of its meaning. So, what is harm reduction, really? While it may appear to be a relatively recent addition to pathways of recovery strategies, the term has actually been around as far back as the 1960s.

To fully understand harm reduction, it’s necessary to understand its history, what problems it is trying to solve, and what it looks like in practice. 

What is Harm Reduction?

As the name suggests, harm reduction aims to reduce the harm associated with drug use. According to the Harm Reduction Coalition, harm reduction incorporates a set of practical strategies and foundational principles to minimize the negative consequences for people who use drugs. 

The roots of harm reduction date back to the 1960s, 70s, and 80s, in several human rights movements:

  • The Black Panther Party providing health clinics and free breakfast for children
  • The Young Lords’ providing acupuncture for people who used heroin in the South Bronx
  • The women’s health movement arising from the 1970s feminist activism fighting for reproductive rights
  • Activism surrounding the AIDS crisis in the 1980s and beyond

It is these movements that led to a model of harm reduction that promotes a philosophy that safer use, interventions, and policies must center the individual and be designed to meet them where they are at. 

What are the Main Principles of Harm Reduction?

The core principles central to the harm reduction philosophy include:

  1. Accepts that people use drugs, and we can work towards minimizing their effects rather than ignoring or condemning the people who use them
  2. Understands drug use is complex and involves a continuum of behaviors from abstinence to more severe use, and some ways of using drugs are safer than others
  3. Promotes quality of life for individuals and communities rather than cessation of all drug use as measures used in interventions and policies
  4. Advocates for non-judgmental and non-coercive provision of services and resources for the people who use drugs in the communities in which they live, with the goal of reducing harm
  5. Ensures that people who use drugs, or have used drugs regularly, are consulted on the policies designed to serve them
  6. Empowers and affirms individuals who use drugs as agents of their change, and promotes their sharing of resources and strategies that meet their specific needs
  7. Acknowledges the role of racism, poverty, social isolation, trauma, class, sex-based discrimination, and other inequalities impact a person’s vulnerability to drug use and their capacity to reduce harm
  8. Does not attempt to minimize or ignore the realities and dangers associated with illicit drug use. 

How Does Harm Reduction Work?

The main goal of harm reduction is to save lives. Specifically, the lives of people who use substances through a number of strategies to:

  • Reduce the transmission of HIV and hepatitis B & C and improve the quality of life for people with these chronic conditions
  • Decrease the stigma associated with substance use disorder
  • Provide education on safer substance use, and associated behaviors, like promoting protected sex
  • Improve access to vital resources, like wound care, housing, insurance, and other social services
  • Provide free and widely available harm reduction drug supplies, like sterile syringes, Narcan, fentanyl test stops, smoking equipment, first aid kits, safe injection sites

Harm reduction also includes providing access to vital addiction treatment and related social services, like medication-assisted treatment, or medication-assisted recovery (MAT/MAR). MAT involves the use of FDA-approved medications to treat various substance use disorders. 

Is Harm Reduction Enabling?

Public health officials and proponents of harm reduction are often working to educate people and correct the belief that harm reduction enables people to use drugs. In fact, harm reduction improves health, increases access to addiction treatment services, provides vital medical care, and reduces the burden on the healthcare system. 

Expert Travis Rieder, PhD, MA, and associate professor at John Hopkins Berman Institute states “Opponents sometimes argue that giving people sterile syringes, clean pipes, naloxone, a space to use drugs under supervision, etc., incentivizes drug use or leads to drug use. But people are going to use drugs whether they have these resources or not, and so withholding them doesn’t prevent that use; it just makes it more dangerous. Making an activity more dangerous doesn’t stop people who are committed to engaging in that activity; it just hurts and kills more of them.”

Harm reduction, on the other hand, makes drug use safer which may support access to recovery, says Rieder “One can take the first steps of recovery while still using drugs fairly chaotically, and continue their road to recovery through small, slow steps that reduce the harms of drug use.”

Does Harm Reduction Work?

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) decades of research show harm reduction works and has contributed to significant individual and public health benefits, especially in preventing deaths from overdose, decreasing the burden on the healthcare system, and improving treatment access. 

That’s likely why harm reduction is supported globally. The Harm Reduction International website shows:

  • 92 countries have needle and exchange programs
  • 88 countries offer opioid treatment therapy
  • 17 countries have drug consumption sites
  • 109 countries support harm reduction in national policies

The specific benefits have been well researched. According to the Recovery Research Institute, harm reduction shows benefits in the following areas:

What to do When Medicare Runs Out for Rehab

When seeking treatment for addiction the last thing you, or your loved one, needs to focus on is limitations on Medicare benefits. There are various options to consider when evaluating your options for treatment. Our blog provides an overview of Medicare benefits, what is covered, what isn’t covered, and what to do when Medicare runs out for rehab.

Who is Eligible for Medicare?

Medicare provides a range of health insurance benefits to qualifying Americans. As a federal health insurance program, those who are eligible for Medicare include:

  • Individuals over the age of 65
  • People with a disability
  • End stage kidney disease
  • ALS (or Lou Gehrig’s disease)

Medicare insurance is made up of four parts:

  1. Part A: Hospital Insurance. This part is free, and you qualify if you already get retirement or disability benefits from Social Security, are 65 and older, or have already qualified (or your spouse has qualified) for Medicare).
  2. Part B: Medicare Insurance – this requires a premium each month depending on your income, or it can be deducted from other benefits.
  3. Part C: Medicare Advantage Plans – these monthly premiums vary depending on the plan.
  4. Part D: Drug Coverage – these also vary depending on the plan you join. 

What Does/Doesn’t Medicare Cover for Rehab?

Part A (hospital insurance) covers medically necessary rehabilitation, such as an inpatient treatment center. However, your doctor must certify that “you have a medical condition that requires intensive rehabilitation, continued medical supervision, and coordinated care that comes from your doctors and therapists working together.” There are various costs that Medicare does and does not cover.

What Medicare Covers

Medicare covers inpatient rehabilitation costs that include:

  • Rehabilitation services
  • A semi-private room
  • Meals
  • Nursing services
  • Prescription drugs
  • Other hospital services and supplies
  • Inpatient doctor’s services are covered (Under Medicare Part B)

Medicare Does Not Cover

  • Private duty nursing
  • A phone or television in your room – if these are billed separately
  • Personal items such as toothpaste, socks, or razors
  • A private room, unless medically necessary

Doctors at a hospital

How Long Do Benefits Last?

Medicare covers a rehab facility for up to 90 days per benefit period. However, you must first meet a deductible before Medicare covers 100 percent of the first 60 days of treatment and limited costs after that. This looks like

  • Days 1 to 60: $1,632 – but you do not have to pay this if you have already paid for deductible care in a prior hospitalization within the same benefit period. For example, if you transferred from an acute care hospital
  • Days 61 to 90: a daily $408 co-payment 
  • Days 91 and beyond: $816 per each “lifetime reserve day” after day 90 (you are allowed 60 reserve days over your lifetime)
  • After lifetime reserve days: you must pay all costs

What to Do When Medicare Runs Out 

There are various options available to you if your Medicare benefits run out, including: 

  • Medicare supplemental insurance: also called Medigap, this additional insurance policy can help with the parts of treatment that weren’t covered and even your Part A deductible, as well as additional out-of-pocket expenses
  • Medicaid: a federal-state health insurance program that can cover costs Medicare won’t. Typically costs that Medicare has rejected will be transferred to Medicaid and these will be paid after you meet your deductible.
  • Grants: you may be eligible to apply for certain grants to fund your treatment if you are uninsured or underinsured. For example, SAMHSA provides Block Grants for community mental health treatment. You’ll want to check with your state health department to see where these have been awarded, what services are covered, and any other grants you may be eligible for.
  • Payment plans: the rehabilitation program may offer payment plans for any costs Medicare and/or Medicaid won’t cover. Speak to the treatment center payment specialist who should be able to walk you through those options.
  • Sliding scale payments: some treatment centers offer sliding scale payment options to low income individuals. You’ll want to speak to the rehab admissions advisor to see if this option is available.
  • Scholarships: some rehabs offer scholarship options, and you can check this with their admissions team when evaluating different payment choices.
  • Financing: often treatment centers will offer a financing option to individuals if their insurance leaves uncovered costs. Ask their finance department for more information about your options. 

If you or someone you love is experiencing a substance use disorder, help is available. Call 800-914-7089 (Info iconWho Answers?) today to learn about your treatment options.

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